Effects of selected diabetes drugs on diabetes pathways
| Drugs | Incretin regulation | Insulin resistance | Kidney | Brain | Colon biome | Stomach, small intestine | Immune dysregulation, inflammation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta cells | Alpha cells | Incretin defect | Muscle | Liver | Adipose | ||||||
| Metformin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| SGLT2 inhibitors | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Thiazolidinediones | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Bromocriptine–QR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Pramlintide | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | ✓ | ||||||||||
DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide 1; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter 2