Indications for urology referral
| Hematuria |
| Recurrent urinary tract infection |
| Prior urologic surgery |
| Elevated prostate-specific antigen |
| Bladder stone |
| Abnormal digital rectal examination |
| Clinical suspicion of a neurologic cause |
| Urinary retention |
| History of urinary instrumentation or trauma |
| Lower urinary tract symptoms refractory to medical management |
| Desire for urologic evaluation |