Contraindications to capsule endoscopy for small-bowel disease
| Cognitive disorders in which the patient may not follow instructions for the procedure, resulting in biting the capsule, damaging teeth or the capsule |
| Gastroparesis (but the capsule can be placed distally with an endoscope) |
| Esophageal stricture or swallowing disorders (but the capsule can be placed endoscopically) |
| Zenker diverticulum of the esophagus |
| Partial or intermittent small-bowel obstruction, chronic adhesions |
| History of strictures from inflammatory bowel disease |
| Pregnancy |
| Active Crohn disease |
| Left ventricular assist devices (but pacemakers and automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators are no longer contraindicated) |
| Numerous diverticula |